- Explain the phenomenon of ‘ De-industrialization’ in the early colonial times in India.
- Explain the economic impact of colonisation on ‘ native capital’.
- Evaluate the impact of ‘ Railway’ on the economy of colonised India.
- British East India company wanted to introduce an alternative land revenue settlement systems in lately annexed territories of central and south India. Elaborate the tax regime of colonisation in early 19th century.
- The utilitarianism emerging in imperial Britain, influenced the land administration in India. Evaluate the statement.
- Explain the prevailing trend of educational debates in early colonised India.
- Explain the phenomenon of commercialisation of agriculture in early colonised India.
Suggesting some inputs , as follows
A) Commercialisation of agriculture .
1) Land Revenue settlement systems and ” zamindari system” are same things
2) Emergence of multilateral markets :- Product market, input market, labour market, land market, money market.
3) Commercialisation of exchange system :- Company was paying to Indian sellers in gold/silver bullions as the demand of British goods in early trade was less but demand of Indian raw material and finished goods was high. So they were resorted to buying raw material.
4) They were buying tea from China and paying in gold silver bullions so they decided to buy opium from India and smuggle the tea in return of opium. So opium cultivation increased.
5) Indian multi cropping systems was replaced by monocropping system.
6) Indigo and tea cultivation introduced in Asam and Bengal after 1840s. Tea gardens were supported by indentured labours .
7) Pre-colonial institutions of exchange broker was replaced by company agents.
8) Silk was commercialised by establishment of silk workshops in India. It was kept under the private contractors.
9) Cotton boom of 1860s due to American civil war resulted in a boom of cotton production.
B) De-Industrialisation
1) Decline in the Indian traditional handicraft industry, due to the trade linking of industrialized British Colonialism, is called as De-Industrialisation.
2) It also includes the ruralization of Indian economy.
3) Pre-colonial Industrialisation:- a) Steady and slow growth b) Uneven distribution of income c) High demand for luxury good by rich nobles and traders d) Cotton, dye industry, agro based industries like oil, tobacco,opium, alcoholic drinks e) Shipbuilding f) Rural & urban integration g)Due to mismatch of growth and slowly ripening systems De-industrialization began.
4) Extraction of wealth from Bengal began after the battle of Plassey.
5) Till 1900 merchant capital invested in buying raw material from India.
6) Creation of duty free “buyers market” in India. Where Indian sellers had no bargaining power.
7) Company servants distorted the commercial systems. As they were involved in private trade.
8) British textile lobby pressurized the govt to ban the Indian finished goods.
9) Lack of accumulation of revenue and profits , artisans had to access to Technology so it affected their steady production.
10) Emergence of native business communities and their subordination with company
11) Emergence of ‘gomasta system’ and ‘ contract system’.
C) Impact of Railways on colonised Indian economy:-
1) It was not the state investment but the investments by railway companies.
2) It was a “guaranteed interest contract” in which 5% interest was guaranteed even after losses .
3) Railway expansion was a an extravagant project which encouraged heavy expenditure. So it was a very heavy affair.
4) Interest payments were done from the “home charges ” extracted from common masses.
5) It connected the ports with some trade cities so transport cost and time for British exports reduced.
6) It helped in growth of British import and export of raw material.
7) Though the freight charges were very less the extravagance made it too expensive.
8) It destroyed Indian forests for the need of temperate woods . Later due to limited supply of coal , timber was used as fuel in steam engines.
9) Engines , railways , machinery, coal imported from Europe so auxiliary industries like steel and iron smelting remained underdeveloped in India.
10) It helped in the growth of political control over territories of India.
D) Colonial education in India :-
1) Education was the part of the “civilization mission” for Indians.
2) It has two inherent goals a) To get English speaking employees in police , army and administration b) Users of finished British goods.
3) Education meant to justify their legitimacy of colonial rule.
4) Education lost its autonomous system , it was subordinated to the company govt.
5) Anglicist who were in support of western eduction didn’t show will to introduce technological education.
6) Orientalists recognised the feasibility of indigenous education with a colonial blend of education system. But they were in support of indigenous vocational education.
7) It introduced cultural transformation and also widened the access of education. But still education was not the part of mass education.
8) It introduced new ideas
E) The economic impact of colonisation on native capital :-
1) Indian traders were deployed for procurement of goods for exports.
2) Mid 18th century, emergence of native business communities.
3) They were prominent in overseas trade :- facilitated tax collection & remittances of revenue as well as provided money exchange systems.
4) Trading communities provided assistance in recruitment of army to the company.
5) They financed the wars
6) After control on Bengal there was rise in dadni merchants who were an intermediary between govt and artisans.
7) Company gradually introduced there own agents. e.g. gomastas and contractors.
8) Indian traders were reduced to the position of subordinate.
9) They were later on subordinated to the British industrial houses
10) Opium and cotton traders in the western India continued to stay in competition
11) Parsis emerged as a major exporter
12) Growth of some traders into bigger industrial houses.
13)Artisans lost their capital and were turned into labours.
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